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The end of April through around May 5th is called "Golden Week" in Japan since there are many Japanese national holidays during this period. Many Japanese offices close for about a week to 10 days, depending on the calender. People take a vacation and travel around the country or abroad, so tourist attractions in Japan are very crowded during Golden Week. Also, airports and train stations in Japan are overflowing with people. It is hard to get reservations for accommodations and transportation during Golden Week.The first national holiday during Golden Week is April 29, which was the birthday of the former emperor Shouwa. Now, this day is called showa-no-hi (Showa Day). The second holiday is kenpou-kinen-bi (Constitution Memorial Day), May 3. The new Japanese constitution was put into effect on May 3, 1947. Then, May 4 is called midori-no-hi (Greenery Day) during which we show appreciation for nature.
The last holiday during Golden Week is kodomono-hi (Children's Day) on May 5th. It's Japanese Boy's Festival called tango-no-sekku and is a day to pray for healthy growth of boys. It's a Japanese tradition for families of boys to hang up carp streamers (koinobori) outside their houses around this holiday. Carps are believed to symbolize successes in children's lives. Also, samurai dolls called gogatsu ningyo (May Dolls) are displayed in their houses.
May is a pleasant season to travel in Japan. Try to plan a trip to Japan after Golden Week. It is much better.

A specific Golden Week holidays are listed below, cited from Wikipedia:
April 29

• Emperor’s Birthday (天皇誕生日, Emperor’s Birthday), until 1988
• Greenery Day, or Nature Day (みどりの日, Midori no hi), from 1989 until 2006
• Shōwa Day (昭和の日, Shōwa no hi), from 2007

May 3

• Constitution Memorial Day (憲法記念日, Kenpō kinenbi)

May 4

• holiday† (国民の休日, Kokumin no kyūjitsu), from 1985 until 2006
• Greenery Day, or Nature Day (みどりの日, Midori no hi) (from 2007)

May 5

• Children’s Day (こどもの日, Kodomo no hi), also customarily known as Boys’ Day (端午の節句, Tango no sekku).